Referencias

  1. Murphy JM, Nierenberg AA, Laird NM, Monson RR, Sobol AM, Leighton AH. (2002). Incidence of major depression: prediction from subthreshold categories in the Stirling County Study. J Affect Disord;68(2-3):251-9.
  2. Recalde, JM, redactor (1999). Tratamiento farmacológico de la depresión mayor en atención primaria. Bol Ter Andal Monogr; 16( 2): 1-48.
  3. Ballenger JC et al. Consensus statement on the primary care management of depression from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatr 1999; 60(suppl 7):54- 61
  4. López Piñero, José Maria. (2002) Medicina en la Historia. Editorial Esfera de los libros S.L. 1era edición
  5. Kaplan, H., Sadock, B., (2000) Sinopsis de Psiquiatría. Editorial Panamericana. 8va edición. Cap. 15: 593-656
  6. American Psychiatry Association. DSM- IV. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico para trastornos mentales. 3 rd. Edn. Washington, DC: APA, 1994
  7. Jacobson, J., Jacobson, A., (2002) Secretos de la psiquiatría. Editorial McGraw- Hill Interamericana. 2da Edición
  8. Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de Venezuela. Anuario de Mortalidad 2001. [en linea]. [374 pág.] Caracas. Venezuela. Junio 2003.http://www.msds.gov.ve/msdsweb/Estadistica/Anuario/mortalidad/Documentos/Anuario01.pdf [consulta: 20 feb.2004]
  9. Maier W, Gansicke M, Gater R, Rezaki M, Tiemens B, Urzua RF. (1999). Gender differences in the prevalence of depression: a survey in primary care. J Affect Disord. 53(3):241-52
  10. Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Akiskal HS. (2002) The prevalence, clinical relevance, and public health significance of subthreshold depressions. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 25(4):685-98
  11. Nierenberg, A. A., Gray, S. M. y Grandin, L. D. (2001) Mood disorders and suicide. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62 Suppl. 25, 27-30
  12. Nakao, M., Yamanaka, G. y Kuboki, T. (2001) Major depression and somatic symptoms in mind/body medicine clinic. Psychopathology 34, 230-235
  13. Karkowski LM, Kendler KS. (1997). An examination of the genetic relationship between bipolar and unipolar illness in an epidemiological sample.
    Psychiatr Genet. 7(4):159-63
  14. Barondes SH. (1998). Mood Genes: Hunting for the Origins of Mania an Depression. New York: W.H. Freedman and Co
  15. Pletscher A, Shore PA, Brodie BB. 1956. Serotonin as a mediator of reserpina action in brain. JPharmacol Exp Ther 116: 84-89
  16. Reiman E. The Quest to Establish the neural substrates of anxiety. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1998; Vol. 11, 2: 302 -304
  17. Cooper J., Bloom F.E., Roth, R. R. The Biochemical Basic of Neuropharmacology. New York, 6ta edición, 1991;II: 338-339
  18. Anden NE, Fuxe K, Larsson K. 1966. Effect of large mesencephalic-diencephalic lesions on the noradrenalin, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons of thecentral nervous system. Experientia. 15; 22(12):842-3
  19. Browne B, Linter S. 1987. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and narcotic analgesics: A critical review of the implications for treatment. Br J Psych 151: 210-212
  20. Gelenberg AJ. 1989 New perspectives on the use of tricyclic antidepressants. J Clin Psych 50: 3.
  21. Greden JF. 1994. Introduction: Part III. New agents for the treatment of depression. J Clin Psych 55: 32-33 (suppl.)
  22. Owens, M. J. y Nemeroff, C. B. (1994) Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin. Chem. 40, 288-295
  23. Sachar EJ, Asnis G, Halbreich U. 1980. Recent studies in the neuroendocrinology of mayor depressive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 3: 313-326.
  24. Power A, Cowen P. 1992. Neuroendocrine challenge test: Assessment of 5HT function in anxiety and depression. Mol Aspects Med 13: 205.
  25. Gold P, Goodwin F, Chrousos G. 1988. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: relation to neurobiology of stress. N Engl J Med 319: 348 -353.
  26. Besedovsky HO, del Rey A. 1996. Immuneneuroendocrine interaction: facts and hypotheses. Endocr Rev 17:64-102
  27. Hori T, Katafuchi T, Take S, et al. 1995. The autonomic nervous system as a communication channel between the brain and the immune system.Neuroimmunomodulation 2:203.
  28. Yirmiya R. 1996. Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats. Brain Res 711:163.
  29. Hill MR, Stith RD, McCallum RE. 1986. Interleukin 1: a regulatory role in glucocorticoid-regulated hepatic metabolism. J Immunol 137:858-862.
  30. Hill MR, Stith RD, McCallum RE. 1988. Human recombinant IL- 1 alters glucocorticoid receptor function in Reuber hepatoma cells. J Immunol 141:1522-1528.
  31. Dunn AJ, Wang J. 1995. Cytokine effects on CNS biogenic amines. Neuroimmunomodulation 2:319.
  32. Hasselgren PO, Pederssen P, Sax HC, et al. 1988. Current concepts of protein turnover and amino acid transport in liver and skeletal muscle during sepsis.Arch Surg.;123:992-999.
  33. Drevets W, Videen T, Ppce J, Preskorn S.1992. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci 12: 3628
  34. Abbas A, Lichtman A, Pober J. 1991. Cellular and molecular immunology. Editorial W.B. Saunders Company. 1era edición. Cap 1 y 2
  35. Bhan AK, Reinherz EL, Poppema S, McCluskey RT, Schlossman SF. (1980) Location of T cell and major histocompatibility complex antigens in the human thymus. J Exp Med 1;152(4):771-82
  36. Reinherz EL, Morimoto C, Fitzgerald KA, Hussey RE, Daley JF, Schlossman SF (1982). Heterogeneity of human T4+ inducer T cells defined by a monoclonal antibody that delineates two functional subpopulations. : J Immunol. Jan;128(1):463-8
  37. Van Praag H.M. (1998) Anxiety and increased aggression as pacemakers of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand : 98 (suppl. 393) 81-88
  38. Laberge, S., Cruikshank, W. W., Beer, D. J. y Center, D. M. (1996) Secretion of IL-16 (lymphocyte chemoattractant factor) from serotonin-stimulated CD8+ T cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 156, 310-315
  39. Aune, T. M., Golden, H. W. y McGrath, K. M. (1994). Inhibitors of serotonin synthesis and antagonists of serotonin 1A receptors inhibit T lymphocyte function in vitro and cell-mediated immunity in vivo. J. Immunol. 153, 489-497
  40. Ferreire, F., Nain A., Meyniel, J.,Deschaux P. (1999). Characterization of serotonin transport mechanisms in rainbow trout peripheral blood lymphocytes : role in PHA-induced lymphoproliferation. Developmental and Comparative Immunology ; 23 : 37 -50
  41. Kammer, G.M. (1988). The adeylate – cAMP- protein kinase A pathway and regulation of the immune response. Immunol. Today 9, 222-228
  42. Kim, D., Lancki D. W., Hui. F. and Fitch, F., Protein kinase C-dependent and- independent mechanisms of cloned murin T cell proliferation : The role of protein kinase C translocation y protein kinase C activity. J. Immunol. 142, 616- 622
  43. Fozard, J. Peripheral actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Oxford University Press, New York, 1989
  44. Hernández, E., Lastra, S., Urbina, M., Carreira, I. y Lima, L. (2002) Serotonin, 5-hidroxiindoleacetic acid and serotonin transporter in blood peripheral lymphocytes of patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J. Int.. Immunopharmacol 2(7): 893-900.
  45. Faraj, B. A., Olkowski, L. y Jackson, R. T. (1994) Expression of high-affinity serotonin transporter in human lymphocytes. Int. J. Immunopharmac. 16, 561-567.
  46. Stahl, S., Meltzer, H. (1978) A kinetic and pharmacologic analysis of 5- Hydroxytryptamine transport by human platelets storage granules: comparison with central serotoninergic neurons. J Pharmac exp Ther, 205: 118-132.
  47. Lima, L. Bases biológicas de los trastornos afectivos. Interciencia 1992. Vol 17, 2: 86-91.
  48. Felten D. L., Felten S. Y., Carlson J.A. 1985. Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue. J Immun 135: 755s- 765s.
  49. Hendley E. 1984. Neurotransmitter uptaken. Handbook of neurochemistry 6: 411-429.
  50. Kuhar M., Harbin M. 1978. Synaptosomal transport: a chloride dependence for choline, GABA, glycine and several other compounds. J Neurochem 31: 251-256
  51. Wong D., Bymaster, F., Reid L.1983. Fluoxetine and two other serotonin uptaken inhibitors without affinity for neuronal receptors. Biochem Pharmac 32: 1287-1293.
  52. Baccichet, E. y Peña, S. (2001) Transportador de serotonina en linfocitos de sangre periférica de pacientes con trastorno depresivo mayor antes y después del tratamiento con mirtazapina. Trabajo Especial de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas
  53. Solomon, G. F. (1987). Psychoneuroimmunology: interactions between central nervous system and immune system. J. Neurosci. Res. 18, 1-9.
  54. Khan, M. M. P., Sansoni, P., Silverman, E. G., Engleman, E. G. y Melmon, K. L. (1986) Beta-adrenergic receptors on human suppressor, helper, and cytolytic lymphocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35, 1137-1142.
  55. Strom B. T., Lane A. M. and George K. (1981) The parallel, time-dependent, bimodal change in lymphocyte cholinergic binding activity and cholinergic influence upon lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity after lymphocyte activation. J. Immunol. 127, 705-710.
  56. Hellstrand, K. y Hermodsson, S. (1990) Enhancement of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity by serotonin role non-T/CD16+ NK cells, accessory monocytes, and 5-HT1A receptors. Cell. Immunol. 127, 199-214.
  57. Ameisen, J. C., Meade, R. y Askenase, P. W. (1989) A new interpretation of the involvement of serotonin in delayed-type hypersensitivity: serotonin-2 receptor antagonists inhibit contact sensitivity by an effect of T cells. J. Immunol. 142, 3171-3179.
  58. Miller, A.H. ed. Depressive Disorders and Immunity., Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1989.
  59. Seidel, A. Arolt, V., Hunstiger, M., Rink, L., Behnisch, A. y Kirchner, H. (1996) Major depressive disorder is associated with elevated monocyte counts. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 94, 198-204.
  60. Maes, M., Bosmans, E. De Jongh, R., Kenis, G., Vandoolaeghe, E. y Neels, H. (1997) Increased serum IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Cytokine 9, 853-858.
  61. Ravindran, A. V., Griffiths, J., Merali, Z. y Anisman, H. (1998) Circulating lymphocyte subsets in major depression and dysthimia with typical or atypical features. Psychosom. Med. 60, 283-289.
  62. Lanquillon, S., Kreig, J. C., Bening-Abu-Shach, U. y Vedder, H. (2000) Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neurospychopharmacology 22, 370-379.
  63. Irwin, M. (1999) Immune correlates of depression. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 461, 1-24
  64. Post R. 1992. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149: 999
  65. Greden JF. 1994. Introduction: Part III. New agents for the treatment of depression. J Clin Psych 55: 32-33 (suppl.)